List of electrolytes and their normal range

ELECTROLYTE
(normal adult range)

DEFICIENCY

EXCESS

POTASSIUM
(3.5-5 mEq/L)

HYPOKALEMIA

• Excessive loss through vomiting,
  urination, perspiration, or diarrhea
• Use of drugs
• Poor intake of potassium
• Hyperaldosteronism
  

HYPERKALEMIA

• Renal failure
• Hyporaldosteronism
• Use of drugs
• Excessive intake of potassium
• Condition where potassium
  moves out of tissue cells into plasma
  

HYPOCALCEMIA

• Hypoparathyroidism
• Acute pancreatitis
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Thyroid carcinoma
• Vitamin D deficiency

HYPERCALCEMIA

• Prolonged immobilization
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Malignancy of bone

SODIUM
(135-145 mEq/L)

HYPONATREMIA 

• Excessive loss through
  diarrhea, sweating,
  vomiting, or use of diuretics
• Excessive water intake
• Head injury
• Heat stroke

HYPERNATREMIA 

• Loss of fluids through
  diarrhea
• Deprivation of water
• Excessive salt intake
• Diabetes insipidus

CHLORIDE
(95-108 mEq/ L)

HYPOCHLOREMIA

• Addison’s disease
• Diarrhea
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Respiratory acidosis
• Vomiting

HYPERCHLOREMIA

• Cardiac decompensation
• Metabolic acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Corticosteroid therapy
• Uremia

MAGNESIUM
(1.5-2.5 mEq/L)

HYPOMAGNESEMIA

• Excessive loss from GI tract
• Use of drugs
• Chronic alcoholism
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Hyperparathyroidism

HYPERMAGNESEMIA

• Renal disease and renal
  failure
• Treatment with magnesium
  and magnesium-containing
  medications

PHOSPHATE
(2 5-4.5 mEq/L)

HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA

• Alkalosis
• Diabetes
• Chronic alcoholism
• Recovery from malnutrition
• Severe diarrhea

HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA

• Renal failure
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Excessive ingestion of
  phosphorus
• Trauma
• Heat Stroke