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Pharmaceutical CalculationsEssential Pharmaceutical Equations
Pharmaceutical sciences rely heavily on mathematical equations to understand, predict, and optimize drug behavior. From formulating medications to analyzing their pharmacokinetics and stability, these equations provide a foundation for precision and efficiency. Whether you’re a pharmacist, researcher, or student, mastering these formulas is crucial for accurate calculations and informed decision-making. In this guide, we’ve compiled…
Jan 11, 2025
Pharmaceutical CalculationsUnderstanding the Dilution Equation
The dilution equation is a fundamental formula in pharmaceutical calculations, chemistry, and biology. It is used to prepare solutions of a desired concentration by diluting a more concentrated solution. The equation is: Where: This equation is based on the principle that the total amount of solute remains constant before and after dilution. By rearranging the…
Jan 11, 2025
GeneralTop 10 pharmaceutical products in 2023 with MoA – ranked!
This following list has the top 10 drugs that have the potential to be game-changers in the field of medicine and provide new hope for patients with serious diseases. They are ranked by the projected USD sales in billions. Drug Company Disease Projected sales (billion USD) Mechanism of action Keytruda Merck & Co. Cancer 24…
Aug 28, 2023
GeneralPharmaceutical Antidotes
In our pursuit of optimal patient care, antidotes stand as vital tools. These specialized interventions are designed to counteract the harmful effects of poisonings or excessive medication doses. Our comprehensive compilation is here to provide pharmacists like you with an in-depth overview of commonly used pharmaceutical antidotes, along with the specific substances or drugs they…
Aug 8, 2023
GeneralElectrolytes Relationships
Electrolytes are essential to various bodily functions and an any imbalance could be dangerous and even life threatening. They are balanced inside our body and have normal ranges, any excess or deficiency could cause disease and symptoms. ELECTROLYTE RELATIONSHIPS Sodium/Potassium-> INVERSE high Na= low K Calcium/Phosphorus -> INVERSE high Ca = low Phos Calcium/Vitamin D->SIMILAR…
Jan 21, 2022
DiseasesKidney Diseases Charts at a glance
Kidney disease charts at a glance for acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis: phases, signs and symptoms, and interventions.
Jan 19, 2022
- Diseases
Gallbladder Diseases Chart
Gallbladder diseases chart covering cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cholangitis and gallstone pancreatitis, with what each term means and its symptoms.
Jan 18, 2022
DiseasesComparison of different types of recent COVID oral antivirals.
novel oral antivirals for COVID-19. The medications currently under consideration are Merck’s molnupiravir and Pfizer’s paxlovid.
Dec 29, 2021
- Drug facts
Top Common Medications Errors
Common medication errors explained: why they occur and the main types, including prescribing, wrong time, omission, improper dose and preparation errors.
Mar 6, 2021
MnemonicsHow to remember LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
Live attenuated vaccines mnemonic: one phrase to recall BCG, yellow fever, rubella, intranasal influenza, typhoid, mumps, oral polio, rotavirus and more.
Jan 20, 2021
MnemonicsMetronidazole Uses Mnemonics
Metronidazole uses mnemonic GET A METRO: a quick way to remember the clinical uses of this antibiotic for Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas and anaerobes.
Oct 31, 2020
- General
List of electrolytes and their normal range
What are the normal range of electrolytes in the human body ?These are the normal lab values of the body most common electrolytes:
Jul 18, 2020
GeneralAntibiogram Template chart (excel sheet)
Antibiogram template chart in Excel: what a hospital antibiogram is and how to summarise local antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens to antibiotics.
Jun 6, 2020
DiseasesStroke at a glance – F.A.S.T Signs
Similar to heart attack, stroke is a brain attack due to ischemia (Blood doesn't flow well to the brain cells). F.A.S.T are the signs of Strokes.
Jun 3, 2020
- Mnemonics
Benzodiazepines in Liver Failure
Benzodiazepines in liver failure: how the class acts on GABA-A receptors, plus the LOT mnemonic (lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam) for use in liver disease.
May 28, 2020
MnemonicsHow to remember Cardio Selective Beta Blockers
Mnemonic for cardioselective beta blockers that act only on B1 receptors in the heart: betaxolol, acebutolol, esmolol, atenolol and metoprolol (BAEAM).
May 24, 2020
DiseasesCOVID-19 VS MERS VS SARS
Difference between COVID-19 pandemic and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) and SARS (Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome).
Jan 31, 2020
- Diseases
2019 Novel Coronavirus – Safety tips
2019–20 China pneumonia outbreak (Novel Coronavirus) Safety tips
Jan 31, 2020
MnemonicsLigaments VS Tendons
How to remember Sprain VS Strain
Nov 17, 2019
- Drug facts
New Antibiotics Spectrum for problematic pathogens
It is a nightmare for ID physicians and microbiologists when it comes to select appropriate antibiotics to fight problematic pathogens like: ESBLS MDR Pseudomonas CRE (carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae) However, currently there are many ABs that are released in the market or under development to fight those hard to treat infections. The below chart shows the…
Oct 14, 2019
PharmacologySNRI VS SSRI | Quick Comparison
SSRI VS SNRI Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) Venlafaxine desvenlafaxine Duloxetine SNRI manage depression associated with pain. This is attributed to their ability to inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine. VERSUS Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) Paroxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Citalopram Escitalopram Combining antidepressant medications from different classes like SNRI,SSRI and TCAs could lead to Serotonin…
Sep 16, 2019
- Drug facts
Why you should avoid alcohol while taking metronidazole ?
Metronidazole is a well-known anti-bacterial agent that has been used for decades to treat infections, especially gram positive agents. However, it is recommended to avoid alcohol while you are under any treatment regimen that includes Flagyl (Metronidazole). Disulfiram-like reaction: A disulfiram-like reaction occurs when alcohol interacts similarly with a drug other than disulfiram, such as…
Sep 13, 2019
- Quizzes
Antibiotics Questions and Answers | Quiz
Test your knowledge with these 10 questions about antibiotics and answers, more to come! There are a lot of quizzes also to test your pharmaceutical and pharmacology knowledge here.
Sep 13, 2019
MnemonicsWarfarin VS Heparin
WARFARIN VS HEPARIN An easy way to remember the differences between Warfarin and Heparin INR: (International Normalized Ratio). aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time.
Sep 13, 2019
MnemonicsPlaque (Atherosclerosis) – How to remember
What is Plaque ? It is a fatty substance that clogs arteries. This is also called Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that may start in childhood. In some people, atherosclerosis progresses rapidly in their 30s. In others, it doesn’t become dangerous until they reach their 50s or 60s. (Some hardening of the…
Sep 6, 2019
GeneralTop 10 Pharmaceutical companies in 2019
Top 10 Pharma Companies in the world as of 2019 is still on the top in 2019 followed by: 2. Roche 3. J&J 4. Sanofi 5. Merck 6. Novartis 7. Abbvie 8. Amgen 9. GSK 10. BMS
Mar 28, 2019
- Mnemonics
Functions of the Kidney – Mnemonics
Another pharmaceutical mnemonics to remember the functions of the kidney : A WET BED A : Acid Base Balance W : Water Removal E : Erythropoiesis (the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes)) T : Toxin Removal B : Blood Pressure Control E : Electrolyte Balance D : Vitamin D Activation…
May 7, 2018
News & UpdatesTOP 10 Pharmaceutical companies 2018
Here is a list of the top 10 pharmaceutical companies 2018 Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (Switzerland) Pfizer (U.S.) AbbVie (U.S.) Johnson & Johnson (U.S.) Sanofi (France) Merck & Co. (U.S.) Novartis (Switzerland) Gilead Sciences (U.S.) GlaxoSmithKline (U.K.) Amgen (U.S.)
Mar 11, 2018
- Drug facts
IDweek 2017 Ideas Board – How IDs think
IDweek IDweek is one of the most popular events that carried out annually, at IDweek key infectious disease leaders and physicians with other interested partners meet and talk about infections. They are infection fighters or superbugs killers. One of the most funny images that has been circulated recently about a board where the ID or…
Oct 8, 2017
Drug factsAntibiotic Spectrum Chart
Antibiotic Spectrum Chart – Coverage for most antibiotics by class As we know, bacteria are classified according to gram stain to positive or negative. Using the right antibiotic when necessary is crucial to avoid using broad spectrum antibiotic so we have to know the coverage criteria for each antibiotic before utilizing it to the patient,…
Sep 15, 2017
MnemonicsHypernatremia mnemonics
HyperNatremia we agreed that emia is a suffix related to the blood, actually presence in blood so what are the reasons for hypernatremia, how to remember the causes of elevated sodium levels in blood. MODEL M : Medications and Meals. O : Osmotic diuretics. D : Diabetes Insipidus. E : Excessive water (H2O) loss. L…
Aug 30, 2017
DiseasesCongestive Heart Failure infographic
What is Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)? Congestive heart failure is a combined right and left heart failure, producing both pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema. Causes of heart failure include: hypertension valvular disease cardiomyopathy coronary heart disease The low cardiac output in heart failure results in increased sympathetic nervous activity, which stimulates the rate and force…
Aug 30, 2017
News & UpdatesBenznidazole first U.S. treatment for Chagas disease
Chagas disease Known as American trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and can be transmitted through different routes, including contact with the feces of a certain insect, blood transfusions, or from a mother to her child during pregnancy. After years of infection, the disease can cause serious heart illness, and it also…
Aug 29, 2017
DiseasesAcidoses VS Alkalosis
It is quite common to differentiate just from the name “Acidosis VS Alkalosis”, but I am going to address main differences to make it easy for you to remember and call it when needed. Acidosis VS Alkalosis The balance between acids and basis is called pH balance and having too much or too little base…
Aug 29, 2017
MnemonicsDifference between Gram +ve and Gram -ve stain mnemonics
Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two groups of bacteria depending on their different cell wall structure. To remember it .. mnemonics LONG PRESENTATION LONG is related to gm -ve and PPT related to gm +ve LONG PPT What is the difference then in the cell wall structure ? Gram +ve…
Aug 28, 2017
DiseasesTerms and definitions related to infectious diseases
Once we mention infectious diseases, the first thing that pops up into our mind is Antibiotics. This is true, but also we have to keep in our mind that the anti-infective category includes a lot of other infections that should be fought. Examples: Bacterial Infections. Fungal Infections. Viral Infections. Parasitic Infections. In this post, I…
Aug 27, 2017
DiseasesThe ABC’s of Hepatitis at a glance
The more you know about Hepatitis, the more you can do to reduce your risks for long term illness and associated health issues. Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation. It is estimated that 4.4 M Americans are living with chronic hepatitis, most don’t know…
Aug 25, 2017
Drug factsInsulin Comparison Chart
Insulin Name When does it start working? (onset) When will the effect be the greatest? (peak) How long will it lower blood glucose? (duration) Notes for Use Cost estimate Rapid Acting Lispro (HumalogTM) <15 minutes 0.5-3 hours* 3-5 hours If mixing with NPH, rapid acting insulin should be drawn into syringe first. Mixture should be…
Jul 16, 2017
PEBC - Evaluating ExaminationAnatomy Tips for PEBC EE
Basic concepts & tips of anatomy should be covered in PEBC EE, according to the blue print for EE Physiology/ Functional Anatomy is included and should be revised. Let’s go – EE anatomy tips: Body Movements: abduction : moving a limb away in the frontal plane from the median plane of the body, spreading the…
Jul 16, 2017
- Diseases
Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is approved for cancer solid tumors
Keytruda Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic solid tumors that have been identified as having a biomarker referred to as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR). Indications Metastatic Melanoma. Unresectable Melanoma. Refractory, metastatic Non-small cell lung cancer. Keytruda mechanism of Action Keytruda works…
May 23, 2017
DiseasesDiseases of vitamins deficiency summarized
Diseases of vitamins deficiency It is very important to call the disease name as long as you have been asked about a vitamin deficiency. This is a common and repeated question in pharmacy examinations. For a quick comprehensive review on vitamins, click here. Please look at the following table: Vitamin Chemical Name If deficient causes…
May 20, 2017
PEBC - Evaluating ExaminationOrganic Chemistry Classes with structure
Organic Chemistry Classes “OCC” When you are preparing for pharmacy examination, organic chemistry is very important to understand many biological interactions and drug binding concepts. I will enumerate different organic classes with important tips about them. Here we go: Click to enlarge! Alkanes Also called paraffins, saturated hydrocarbons. General formula: R-CH2-CH3. Lipid soluble. Common reactions:…
May 20, 2017
DiseasesDeep Vein Thrombosis – DVT explained by video
Venous thromboembolic disease represents a spectrum of conditions that includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) A blood clot in the deep venous system, a network of large veins with extensive branching that covers the whole body. What are the Symptoms and Signs of a DVT? Pain and swelling…
May 20, 2017
Food & VitaminsVitamins comprehensive quick review
Vitamins Vitamins and minerals are required for the body to function properly. Each day we need to eat a balanced diet that supplies us with the sufficient amount of vitamins and minerals to remain healthy. Our diet should contain grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat and beans. The portion of each varies depending on our age…
May 11, 2017
MnemonicsHow to remember Vancomycin side effects – mnemonics
How to remember Vancomycin side effects ? Vancomycin is an anti-infective agent covering gm+v infections including MRSA. It is known as the gold standard for treating MRSA infections. Vancomycin is popular for its nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity along with “Red Man Syndrome”. How to remember the side effects of Vancomycin? NOT RED Although it is RED!…
May 9, 2017
- How To ?
How antibiotic resistance develops – infographs
A lot of people including few or more of healthcare professional don’t know how antibiotic resistance is developed or they don’t recognize the real risk of their contribution in antibiotic resistance either by overusing certain classes of antimicrobial all the time which is known as “Selective pressure” or abusing antibiotics when there is no real…
May 6, 2017
DiseasesWhat are ESKAPE pathogens
MDR (multi-drug resistance pathogens) are a global problem and hospital wide resistance pathogens is a growing concern and there is a greater risk for nosocomial infection by such pathogens so what are ESKAPE pathogens? E : Enterococcus Faecium It is a gram positive bacteria, related to genus Enterococcus. VRE is the Vancomycin Resistance Enterococcus and…
May 6, 2017
- News & Updates
Radicava (edaravone) approved for ALS by FDA
What is Radicava? Do you remember the Ice Bucket Challenge, the challenge that carried out by most famous people and passed to others as an awareness campaign for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ALS is a rare disease that attacks and kills the nerve cells…
May 5, 2017
Drug factsList of teratogenic drugs that should be avoided
A lot of drugs have side effects or undesired actions beside its therapeutic effect. Teratogenic drugs are those which exploit the fetus and definitely should be avoided in pregnancy. below down the most common teratogenic drugs and their effects: Drug Effect Thalidomide phocomelia and multiple defects Anticancer drugs cleft palate, hydrocephalus, multiple defects and foetal…
May 5, 2017
- General
Top 10 Pharmaceutical companies in 2017
Pharmaceutical companies make a huge business, a lot of competition there along with multiple acquisitions and merge between many pharmaceutical companies, down there a video with the top 10 pharmaceutical companies in the beginning of 2017 as a result of their 2016 revenues. The recent rank of top 10 pharmaceutical companies by revenues has a…
May 3, 2017
Drug factsTop 10 benefits of Marijuana
I talked about the most common abused drugs in my post : List of abused and addicted drugs , so today I am going to mention the top 10 benefits of Marijuana as a psychoactive drug. Marijuana Marijuana is classified as a hallucinogenic drug. The main active ingredients in the plant are cannabinol, cannabidiol, and the tetra-hydro-cannabinols…
Apr 25, 2017
PEBC - Evaluating ExaminationMacro-molecules nucleic acids structure
Following up wih PEBC notes and their evaluating exam structure, we will review a quick important notes as well as tips that you might be asked about during the exam. We will talk about the structure and important tips about the macro-molecules: Nucleic Acids The basic units of nucleic acids are nucleotides; each nucleotide contains…
Apr 22, 2017
How To ?How to remember Lithium Adverse Events
Lithium salts or preparations are used to treat bipolar disorder and classified as mood stabilizers. The exact mechanism of action of how lithium has a role in treating depression is not exactly known yet. So, to easily remember the adverse events of Lithium (mnemonics): LITHIUM L: Leucocytosis (increase in the total number of WBCs)…
Apr 22, 2017
PEBC - Evaluating ExaminationQuick important tips about Carbohydrates (Biochemistry)
Updated: 19/4/2017 So related to biochemistry we will review carbohydrates for the EE, we will share the most important tips and notes related to the PEBC pharmacits evaluating exam! Quick notes: Carbohydrates are the main sources of energy in the body. The liver has the major responsibility for maintaining blood glucose levels. The brain oxidizes…
Apr 18, 2017
- General
Classification of Bio Enzymes
What are enzymes ? They are biocatalysts that act on a substrate and then convert it into product. They usually have the suffix -ase. Most of enzymes are proteins. Enzymes follow the physical and chemical reactions of proteins. They are heat labile and water soluble. Enzymes are classified into: Oxidoreductases: Function : Transfer of hydrogen…
Apr 18, 2017
PEBC - Evaluating ExaminationPEBC Evaluation exam (EE)
PEBC Pharmacists Evaluating Exam In collaboration from pharmacists who have attended the Evaluation exam (EE) , we are going to start a new category of phartoonz.com to address latest questions, tips and study resources. (PEBC Forum) So for those who don’t know the Canadian Evaluation exam for pharmacists, it is the first step to get…
Apr 18, 2017
Drug facts170 facts that should be known about Antibiotics
Whether you are a pharmacist, ID specialist, microbiologist, pharmacy student or anyone who is interested or reviewing antibiotics I will put here the MUST know tips, facts and notes about Antibiotics. You can use these facts for fast reviewing antibiotics, they cover almost every single antibiotic class with very important notes and tips that should…
Apr 15, 2017
- Drug facts
FDA approves Valbenazine to treat tardive dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive involuntary movements, usually of the jaw, lips and tongue, such as grimacing, sticking out the tongue and smacking the lips. Some affected people also experience involuntary movement of the extremities or difficulty breathing. Video showing the Case: Valbenazine: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved…
Apr 11, 2017
GeneralHow to remember Enzyme inducers and Enzyme inhibitors (mnemonics)
Enzyme inducers will increase the rate of metabolism of co-administered drugs and thus their effect will decrease or will be at lower therapeutic dose. As a result, the dose of such drugs (which are metabolized by microsomal enzymes) should be increased when administered along with enzyme inducers. Enzyme inhibitors will decrease the metabolism of drugs…
Apr 9, 2017
Drug factsDrug suffixes have a clue about the drug class
Drugs are classified into groups, but as a pharmacist you could know what is the class of certain drug as long as the drug has a very common suffix. The most popular example is -statin , as long as the drug name has the suffix statin, it is immediately known as cholesterol lowering agent. So,…
Apr 9, 2017
Drug factsMode of Action for Antibiotic Classes – Quick tips
Knowing how do Antibiotics work and fight the infection is an important step for treatment. Resistance is emerging rapidly to most classes and we have to control the use of Antibiotics and avoid misuse or overuse in both community and healthcare society. Developing Antibiotics resistance has many unfavorable outcomes: Increase the rates of mortality and…
Apr 5, 2017
General20 Most Common Pharmaceutical Additives with Examples
A pharmaceutical additive or an excipient is a substance that mixed with an active pharmaceutical ingredient for a specific purpose. I will go through the most common types with examples: It is an agent that prevent the oxidation process to the pharmaceutical preparation. Thus, avoid its deterioration. Examples: Antioxidants as a pharmaceutical additives have two…
Apr 4, 2017
Drug factsDrug Approval Process – explained by images
A drug is any product that is intended for use in the diagnosis, cure mitigation, treatment , or prevention of disease; and that is intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. Before a drug can be used, it must pass the FDA’s approval process. This process involves first testing the drug…
Mar 28, 2017
- News & Updates
Bavencio approved by FDA for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)
“While skin cancer is one of the most common cancers, patients with a rare form called Merkel cell cancer have not had an approved treatment option until now,” said Richard Pazdur, M.D., acting director of the Office of Hematology and Oncology Products in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and director of the…
Mar 23, 2017
GeneralIs Tedizolid really an alternative to Linezolid ?
Short answer, yes! Tedizolid (SIVEXTRO™) is a novel oxazolidinone antibiotic approved recently for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) and I believe it is a matter of time until being approved for other indications like pneumonia (HAP/VAP). But is it really with additional benefits over Linezolid ? Short answer, No! So I am…
Mar 10, 2017
GeneralPharmacokinetics VS Pharmacodynamics – Differences
Pharmacokinetics VS Pharmacodynamics : From the very beginning when learning pharmacology or pharma sciences, you have to know the differences between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. How to remember Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics? So, to remember it easily, pharmacodynamics is the effect of the drug on the body and therefore, the pharmacokinetics mean what the body does…
Mar 10, 2017
- General
Immunity response to a pathogen (Animated Video)
A good animated video shows how is the interact and an immunity response produced upon pathogen attack.
Mar 6, 2017
- Diseases
Siliq (brodalumab) approved as a new psoriasis drug by FDA
Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes patches of skin redness and flaking. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder that occurs more commonly in patients with a family history of the disease, and most often begins in people between the ages of 15 and 35. The most common form of psoriasis is plaque psoriasis, in…
Feb 15, 2017
- General
Food Safety at emergency like power outage
This is how to keep food safe during emergency like power outage. Follow the following steps to help keep the food safe as longer as possible and avoid food loss or getting ill because of unsafe damaged food. Source: foodsafety.gov
Feb 12, 2017
- Diseases
Heart Attack | Animated Video
What Is Heart Attack? When blood doesn’t reach to your heart, your heart muscle doesn’t get the oxygen it needs. Without oxygen, its cells can be damaged or die (Ischemia). If this Ischemia has not been treated, part of the heart muscle will eventually become permanently damaged (Myocardial Infarction). The key to recovery is to…
Jan 2, 2017
- News & Updates
Amjevita approved by FDA for multiple inflammatory diseases.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved Amjevita (adalimumab-atto) as a biosimilar to Abbvie product Humira (adalimumab) for multiple inflammatory diseases. Enbrel and Humira belong to a class of drugs that treating inflammation by blocking a protein known as tumor necrosis factor. Manufactured by Amgen. Amjevita is approved for the treatment of : moderately…
Sep 23, 2016
DiseasesZika Virus – Questions & Answers
What does Zika mean ? Zika means “overgrown” in the uganda language. Is Zika new virus ? No! It is not. Zika virus has discovered long time ago. When was the last outbreaks of Zike virus ? Mid 2015 and through 2016. Where is the last largest outbreak of Zika virus? Brazil. How does the…
Sep 23, 2016
- Diseases
Atrial Fibrillation overview [Animated Video]
This is a quick overview of Atrial Fibrillation. What is Atrial Fibrillation? Atrial fibrillation is a heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate. You can also learn about heart attack by clicking here. By Sanofi
Sep 23, 2016
Drug factsList of abused and addicted drugs
Of course whenever we think about drugs of abuse and addiction, some members of the following list came to our mind: Disclaimer : Information and names listed below are for educational & scientific purposes only. Warning : Abusing drugs KILLS! 1. HEROIN Heroin is synthesized from morphine in a relatively simple process. Heroin was…
Sep 23, 2016
- Drug facts
PCSK9 Inhibitors – the new injectable cholesterol-lowering drugs
When statins are not enough to control your body cholesterol levels, adding PCSK9 Inhibitors may help you to lower your bad cholesterol dramatically! Before inhibiting this enzyme, What does it do ? Liver removes your bad Cholesterol known as LDL (low denisity lipoproteins). Liver catches this LDL cholesterol through a receptors, PCSK9 as en enzyme…
Sep 22, 2016
GeneralPfizer – the house of Anti-Infective drugs
Probably you know about one of the latest acquisitions of the giant US based company Pfizer Inc. Pfizer has acquired small molecules business of Astrazeneca’s anti-infectives. New products to be added to Pfizer Anti-Infective portfolio: Zinforo(ceftaroline fosamil). Zavicefta (CAZ-AVI). Merrem/Meronem(meropenem). ATM-AVI. CXL. In addition to the current Pfizer Anti-Infective found in this video : Source :…
Sep 22, 2016
DiseasesHow to prevent mosquito bites – Stopping Zika transmission
Up to date there is no vaccine announced to prevent Zika. So that the best way is prevention other than cure! that is through protecting yourself and your family from mosquito bites. Zika infection during pregnancy can cause fetuses to have a birth defect of the brain damage called microcephaly. The Zika outbreak has started…
Sep 21, 2016
- Diseases
Exondys 51 (eteplirsen) First drug for Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Exondys 51 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Exondys 51 (eteplirsen) injection, the first of its type to treat patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy due to mutation of the dystrophin gene amenable to exon 51 skipping, which affects about 13 percent of the population with DMD.
Sep 21, 2016
News & UpdatesJohnson & Johnson (J&J) to Acquire Abbott Medical Optics
J&J Acquisition is to Strengthen Global Leadership in Eye Health Adding Cataract and Refractive Eye Surgery to Vision Care Portfolio. J&J will pay $4.325 billion in cash.
Sep 17, 2016
GeneralOrganelles of a cell
What are cell components? Nucleus : The core of the cell as it contains the genetic material and it directs the cell function through gene expressions. Mitochondrion : The main source of cell energy.
Sep 16, 2016
DiseasesCongestive Heart Failure – Animation video
Congestive Heart Failure video illustrating the steps of the heart when it becomes congested and cannot pump enough blood to the body. Video by BioDigital Inc.
Sep 14, 2016
GeneralThe TOP 25 pharmaceutical drugs in sale 2015 – Infographic
TOP 25 pharmaceutical drugs in sale 2015
Sep 4, 2016
GeneralHow does your body react to a coke can ?
Coke is a popular drink worldwide and Coca-cola as a trademark is one of the most highly evaluated & ranked trademark. However, does it really good for your body ? many studies have shown the true damage over long term consumption of soft drinks! here is an interesting infographic shows how is your body reacts…
Aug 20, 2016
General5 Questions you have to ask before swallowing a medication
Question #1: What do you call this ? Pretty basic, as the pharmacist or technician asking you about your ID or insurance ID, you have to ask him/her about the names of your medications even if you are refilling! Knowing the name of medication is important at least to know what you are going to…
Aug 16, 2016
- Dose measurements
Commonly used pharmaceutical Antidotes
This reminds me about that episode of Sherlock show when he was confused about two tablets, one is poison and the other is not! Actually, every single drug or tablet has both effects, the poisonous effect at the wrong dose and the remedy effect at the correct dose! So, I am going to list…
Aug 13, 2016
GeneralPharmaceutical Substances knowledgebase
Long time away from Phartoonz :ermm: due to my personal duties & other projects that I work on. I want to share with all of you a beta version of a pharmaceutical substances database. It has 8000+ drugs & pharmaceutical related substances categorized and formatted for super easy basic data access. Please find it…
May 8, 2016
Drug factswhat does insulin do to the body ? [Video]
When you hear the word insulin you may think of a drug taken by people who have diabetes either type 1 or type 2. Yes this is true, but what you may not know that insulin is already one of hormones secreted by your body. Insulin is important to the body, insulin allows the…
Dec 25, 2015
- General
Video – Cardiac conduction system wtih ECG / EKG
A good video that illustrate the conduction system of the heart with relationship to ECG. Here are another articles & videos that are previously posted : http://www.phartoonz.com/2015/07/24/cardiac-conduction-system-ecg-video/ http://www.phartoonz.com/2010/09/10/electrophysiology-phases-of-the-cardiac-cycle/ http://www.phartoonz.com/2010/09/25/how-to-read-ecg-basic-common-charts/ http://www.phartoonz.com/2010/09/02/electrical-conduction-system-of-the-heart/
Dec 19, 2015
- General
Interactive Eye Anatomy
[kml_flashembed publishmethod=”static” fversion=”8.0.0″ movie=”http://phartoonz.com/phartoonZuploads/Eye-Anatomy.swf” width=”800″ height=”600″ targetclass=”flashmovie”] [/kml_flashembed] The most popular questions ( FAQs ) about the eyes from Google : What part of your eye is the iris? The colored part of the eye is the iris. It controls light levels inside the eye . The round opening in the center of the iris…
Oct 21, 2015
GeneralHIV (AIDS) illustrated by video
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. HIV is very similar to a virus called SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus), which is found in monkeys. The main ways HIV can be passed on to another human are: during unprotected sex, by using used injecting equipment, and from a mother to the fetus during pregnancy, birth or through…
Oct 17, 2015
GeneralAlways have a bottle of water with you!
H2O is the major constituent of the fluids of organisms, even earth! Water is essential for every living organism and therefore for YOU. An interesting infographics about water that I’d like to share with you. Click on the image to Enlarge!
Oct 14, 2015
GeneralUnderstanding The Ebola virus [Video]
How does Ebola virus attack the body? Good video for better understanding how the Ebola virus attacks human body! How does it take over the body cells as well as other interesting info and statics. You can read more about Ebola virus here or here. Ebola virus latest info on CDC website: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/index.html
Oct 10, 2015
Drug factsThe “ABCDE” uses of Heparin – Mnemonic
What is Heparin? Heparin is a drug used to prevent clots in the blood vessels. Simply a blood thinner. Uses of Heparin : A: Acute coronary syndrome. B: Bypass Surgery. C: Cardiac Thrombi D: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) E: Embolism ABCDE uses of Heparin.
Sep 28, 2015
Drug factsFDA warns severe joint pain may be caused by Gliptins – DPP-4 inhibitors
DPP-4 inhibitors used to treat type 2 diabetes, this class includes different brands in single molecule or combined with other molecules like metformin. DPP-4 inhibitors brands: Brand name Active ingredient(s) Januvia sitagliptin Janumet sitagliptin and metformin Janumet XR sitagliptin and metformin extended release Onglyza saxagliptin Kombiglyze XR saxagliptin and metformin extended release Tradjenta linagliptin Glyxambi…
Aug 28, 2015
Pharma InfographicsDo you think you might be depressed ?
How depression looks like? Feeling down, hopeless , anxious and empty ! depression can cause all these symptoms and feelings so basically the best to treat depression is to get help and support to overcome those devastating feelings and starting to be positive towards your self and to beat depression. Depression and its complications like…
Aug 18, 2015
GeneralGetting old ? here is some interesting facts
Dealing with getting old: Worldwide,it is estimated that by 2020, for the first time in history, the number of people aged 60 years and older will outnumber children younger than 5 years. By 2050, the world’s population aged 60 years and older is expected to total 2 billion, up from 841 million today. Eighty percent…
Aug 15, 2015
- Drug facts
What do you need to know about insulin formulations ?
There are three main characteristics of insulin : ** update: an insulin comparison chart article written in 2017 with downloadable file : Click Here Onset which is the length of time before insulin reaches the bloodstream and begins its intended action. Peak time which is the time during which insulin is at its maximum strength…
Aug 15, 2015
PharmacologyCardiac conduction system – ECG [Video]
It is an amazing work done by Primal Pictures to demonstrate the Cardiac conduction system and the relation with ECG. Moreover, you can read more about How to read ECG basic common charts HERE. Please watch and Re-share if you like it. Cardiac Conduction system illustration: Good luck You can read more about ECG :…
Jul 24, 2015
PharmacologySympathetic and Para-sympathetic effects compared
Fight or Flight response – > Sympathetic nervous system. Rest and Digest response -> Parasympathetic nervous system. “The Fight or Flight Response” by Jvnkfood – Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Fight_or_Flight_Response.jpg#/media/File:The_Fight_or_Flight_Response.jpg
Jul 24, 2015
GeneralRheumatoid arthritis VS osteoarthritis – Differences
Rheumatoid arthritis VS osteoarthritis Feature Rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis Primary Joint Affected metacarpophalangeal distal interphalangeal heberden’s nodes absent frequently present joint characteristic Soft, warm andt ender Hard and Bony Stiffness Worse after resting Worse after effort Laboratory finding Positive Rheumatoid factor . Anti-CCP antibody. Elevated ESR and CRP. Rheumatoid factor negative. Anti-CCP negative antibod. Normal…
Jun 24, 2015
MnemonicsMemorize tuberculosis drug family RIPES
How to remember drugs that are used to treat Tuberculosis: R I P E S Pharmaceutical mnemonics R : Rifampicin I : Isoniazide P : Pyrazinamide E : Ethambutol S : Streptomycin. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that targeting lungs , caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB symptoms include cough, weight loss, fatigue,…
May 23, 2015
PharmacologyHow Cholesterol blocks your body arteries [Video]
Hey , A short video produced by AZ!, It shows how cholesterol clogs the arteries through different stages leading to heart attack. Enjoy the science ..
May 23, 2015
Drug factsMapping diuretics uses & side effects.
Diuretics are urine producing products, actually by force. The following image is an excellent map for grouping the different categories of diuretics with their uses and side effects. Major diuretics groups : Loop diuretics. Thiazide diuretics. K sparing. Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors. Osmotic diuretics. Click the image to Enlarge!
Apr 26, 2015
Patho-physiologyHow does metastatic melanoma cells look like?
Click image to enlarge In melanoma cells (Evil Cells) : Yellow color : The podosomes . Blue Color : Cell nuclei. Red Color : actin. Green Color : actin regulator. The proliferation of melanoma cells depends on their actin rich core structure as described above with its colors. Source of image : NCI Center for…
Apr 24, 2015
GeneralIs liraglutide able to reduce your weight ?
Today novonordisk , Denmark based drug maker announced the launch of its new drug for weight management. liraglutide is GLP-1 agonist , used for treating type II diabetes , approved today as additive to low calories food + physical activity for managing obese people.
Apr 22, 2015
GeneralKidney stones formation , types , risks & prevention [Video]
Kidney stones formation: An interesting video showing how renal stones “calculi” are formed. The most common types stones formed with risk factors and prevention methods including life style modification and using medication to minimize the risk for surgery.
Apr 17, 2015
GeneralChlorin e6 as eye drops allows night vision
Chlorin e6 (Ce6) improves night vision : Chlorin e6 (Ce6) has been used for treating cancer , it has light amplification properties. science for the masses produced an eye drops containing Ce6 , insulin & saline. The mixture has found to increase the night vision. The solution works with onset of one hour and its effect…
Mar 27, 2015
GeneralConduction system of the Heart & ECG understanding [Video]
An interesting video from Aliliamedicalmedia explaining the conduction system of the heart , you may want to check another tutorial about ECG , Click here
Mar 20, 2015
GeneralMalaria Treatment infographic
Infographic with 3 heads for treatment of Malaria : ACT : Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy. ( Artemisinin Developed resistance ) ITN : Insecticide Treated Bed Net. IRS : Indoor Residual Spraying. More about Malaria, click here.
Mar 16, 2015
News & UpdatesHappy day for Sanofi new drug Toujeo®
Sanofi , France based company got FDA approval of its new drug Toujeo®. Toujeo is once daily insulin based on widely used insulin glargine. February 27, 2015 , Sanofi announces a positive opinion from European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommending approval of Toujeo injection for treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Toujeo showed…
Feb 27, 2015
- General
Ebola outbreaks with 99 new cases – FAQ infograhp
In the week of 22 Feb 2015, another 99 cases of deadly Ebola infection ( Ebola hemorrhagic fever ), reported in Africa by 3 countries : Sierra Leone, Guinea & Liberia. Within the healthcare community , 3 health workers had infected with the deadly virus . In these countries , according to WHO reports and statics…
Feb 25, 2015
News & UpdatesNovoNordisk announces positive results with oral semaglutide
Novonordisk the leading Danish company for producing anti diabetic drugs announces positive results for phase II testing of the oral hypoglycemic semaglutide. In the trails semaglutide appeared to be safe and well tolerated with nausea and vomiting diminished over time. “We are very pleased with the results of this trial confirming the potential…
Feb 21, 2015
- Dose measurements
Pharmaceutical & Medical Abbreviations (Most common )
The most common medical abbreviations: Download a PDF version here The most common medical abbreviations[phartoonz.com] Abbreviation Meaning ABGs arterial blood gases AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ALT alanine aminotransferase (previously SGPT) APTT activated partial thromboplastin time ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome AST aspartate aminotransferase (previously SGOT) AV atrioventricular bid twice daily bpm beats per minute BP…
Feb 20, 2015
- General
15 Minutes Ebola test by Corgenix
Ebola test: This is the first rapid test for Ebola virus , approved today by World Health Organization (WHO). The test is developed by Corgenix Corp. and it is less accurate than PCR tests for Ebola virus but it reaches 90% of accuracy to detect Ebola virus with no electricity and within 15 minutes ,…
Feb 20, 2015
- General
Anti-malarial drug resistance has been detected in Asia
Malaria is a disease caused by a plasmodium, spread through the bite of carrier mosquitoes , artemisinin is a drug used in combination with other drugs has demonstrated ability to reduce the number of plasmodium parasites in the blood of the infected person. In Asia , reports of artemisinin resistance have been discovered according…
Feb 20, 2015
- General
Pharmacology tutorials : Pharmacodynamics [Part 3]
The previous two parts : One , Two and this is the third. Pharmacodynamics : in simple words it means what the drug does to your body, pharmacodynamics explain the drug mechanism of action, the biochemical and physiological changes to the body by the drug , the drug receptor relationship and the effect (action) of…
Jan 31, 2015
GeneralPharmacology basics and definitions – Easy [Part 2]
To find part one please click here .. :biggrin: We mentioned in the previous part two steps of Pharmacokinetics ( Absorption and Distribution ) in this part we will continue the two steps of pharmacokinetics ( Metabolism & Excretion ). 3. Biotransformation (Metabolism) : The step where the drug structure changed thus its properties also…
Jan 30, 2015
Food & VitaminsCalcium is your bones [Part 2]
To find part 1 please click here. We talked about how important the calcium for your bones , other things you need to know about calcium supplementation : Calcium dietary supplements can interact or interfere with certain medications or drugs you take & some medication may increase or decrease calcium level in your blood. Calcium…
Jan 25, 2015
- General
Pharmacology basics and definitions – Easy [Part 1]
When you have headache , you take an analgesic OTC like ibuprofen to treat the pain but what is behind the scene !? the process of treating headache ? The interaction between a chemical like ibuprofen and your body as a living system is the definition of pharmacology. The drug is a chemical substance that…
Jan 24, 2015
MnemonicsB receptors mnemonics
B receptors mnemonics A phartoon to remember the major site of action for Beta receptors. B1 receptors -> you have 1 heart. B2 receptors -> you have 2 lungs. Response upon activation :
Jan 23, 2015
GeneralHeadache at a glance (types and management)
What is headache? Headache is a pain in the head , this pain differs depending on the type of the headache! Headache in numbers : Types of Headache : 1. Tension Headache (the most common) : Generalized constricting band like headache , the pain is varies from mild to moderate but some times it may…
Jan 23, 2015
GeneralHow to remove fish bones from your throat
Do you love eating fish ?! Fish is a healthy food , rich in Omega3 and delicious meal , but some people don’t like it because of the fine bones which may stuck in the throat while eating. How to remove fish bone when stuck in your throat ? Being careful from fish bones while…
Jan 19, 2015
Food & VitaminsCalcium is your bones [Part 1]
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body , 99% is present in your bones and teeth & the other 1% of calcium is in body fluids to perform important metabolic tasks. Is it all about Calcium only ? No , your body needs other minerals and nutrients in order for Calcium to be…
Jan 19, 2015
General7 Facts you may not know about your HEART
your HEART is not only a PUMP ! Your HEART is divided into four chambers , left and right atria on the upper part and left and right ventricles on the lower part. 7 FACTS ABOUT THE HEART :
Jan 17, 2015
- General
The Ebola Virus “Infographic”
The name Ebola taken from a river called Ebola in Africa, The current outbreak of Ebola virus in 2014 is the largest and the most fatal outbreak since the Ebola virus was discovered. “Stated By WHO”. Infograhpic “click to enlarge the image” FACTS ABOUT EBOLA VIRUS : The disease is fatal and known as “Ebola…
Jan 16, 2015